In 1978, Hubbard was convicted of fraud after he was tried in absentia by France. Hubbard returned to the United States in 1975 and went into seclusion in the California desert after an unsuccessful attempt to take over the town of Clearwater, Florida. During the late 1960s and early 1970s, Hubbard spent much of his time at sea on his personal fleet of ships as " Commodore" of the Sea Organization, an elite quasi-paramilitary group of Scientologists. Scientology became increasingly controversial during the 1960s and came under intense media, government and legal pressure in a number of countries. He also added organizational management strategies, principles of pedagogy, a theory of communication and prevention strategies for healthy living to the teachings of Scientology. In 1953, the first churches of Scientology were founded by Hubbard, and in 1954 a Scientology church in Los Angeles was founded, which became the Church of Scientology International. The last few months of his active service were spent in a hospital, being treated for a variety of complaints. Hubbard was an officer in the Navy during World War II, where he briefly commanded two ships but was removed from command both times. He began his career as a prolific writer of pulp fiction stories and married Margaret Grubb, who shared his interest in aviation. In 1930, Hubbard enrolled at George Washington University to study civil engineering but dropped out in his second year. naval base on Guam in the late 1920s, Hubbard traveled to Asia and the South Pacific. Hubbard created Scientology in 1952 after losing the rights to Dianetics in bankruptcy proceedings, and would manage the Church of Scientology until his death in 1986.īorn in Tilden, Nebraska, in 1911, Hubbard spent much of his childhood in Helena, Montana. A prolific writer of pulp science fiction and fantasy novels in his early career, in 1950 he authored Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health and established organizations to promote and practice Dianetics techniques. Lafayette Ronald Hubbard (March 13, 1911 – January 24, 1986) was an American author and the founder of Scientology.
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